Neuroplasticity is the ability of the brain to reorganize by making new neural connections throughout life. This is a relatively new concept as earlier it was believed that this ability is seen only in childhood. But latest research has shown that adult brains also possess this ability, although to a lesser degree. Neuroplasticity is responsible for brain’s adaptation in changing environments and brain reorganization in the event of disease or injury. A well-known example of this phenomenon is after stroke, where the neighbouring neurons take on the functioning of the damaged brain cells.
Neurogenesis is the formation of new brain cells (neurons), which is most active during early development in humans. It was believed that new neurons are not formed in adult humans but latest research has shown that newer neurons continue to form in limited areas in the adult brain, particularly in an area called the hippocampus, which is responsible for memory.
These scientific research studies have opened new doors to the treatment of brain conditions, including mental health conditions. They have huge implications for treatment of conditions which were earlier considered impossible. This means that it is no longer true that one has to live with the consequences of bad upbringing, as the human brain is plastic and is capable of change. It also means that these changes can happen by themselves or can be triggered with the right instrument. Spontaneous negative plasticity is seen in situations such as when someone starts avoiding things that make them anxious.
Neuromodulations techniques exploit these natural tendencies of the human brain to change the brain for the better. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which was perhaps the earliest of neuromodulation techniques, has significant side effects. It involves passing a small amount of electric current through the brain and is only done in hospitals. Individuals can experience a range of side effects ranging from confusion and memory issues to none. ECT is still used but in very severecases.
– Norman Doidge, author of The Brain that Changes Itself
-Donald O. Hebb
Newer neuromodulation techniques such as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) are similar to ECT but remarkably safer in terms of side effects and can be used in outpatient settings.
